The Humpback Whale :: essays research papers

To look up into the mountains and see the steam rolling from a mountain stream on a cold winters morning is a beautiful sight. However, to look out over the horizon and see the white spray of salt water coming from the blow of a grand hump-back monster is much more exciting sight and a whole lot warmer. I lived in the mountains of Colorado for most of my childhood. The first time I had the chance to see the ocean was on a vacation to California, when I was about 15 years old. It was even better than I had dreamed it would be. The different animals in the ocean, the color of the water, and the warm sand between my toes was probably what led me to come to the islands of Hawaii. When I first saw the hump-back whale I was amazed at their huge size and how they could breach out of the water so gracefully. It is as if they were trying to play or show off. So when we were asked to choose a favorite animal, I had no problem deciding on the hump-back whale.The hump-back whale gets its name from the distinctive hump in front of the dorsal fin and from the way it raises its back heights above water before diving. They are a member of the order Cetacea. This order is of aquatic mammals and the hump-back belongs to the suborder of the Mysticeti. The Mysticeti are the baleen whales which have three families and several(prenominal) species. The family in which the hump-back belongs is the Balaenopteridae, the true fin backed whale. The thing that separates this genus from the other fin-backed whales is the pectoral fins, which grow in lengths of about 5 meters (16.4 feet). This Genus is called Megaptera meaning great telephone extension (Tinker 290). There was a controversy over the species name in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In 1932, Remington Kellogg finally settled the matter with Megatera Novaeangliae (Cousteau 84). The commons English name is the hump-back whale.The hump-back whale lives in both the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Since we liv e in the Pacific Ill be discussing the hump-backs of the North Pacific. They migrate from North to South. In the months of July through September they gather in the Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea or the Chukchi Sea. They head south for the winter.

Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 Essay -- Breast Can

Breast malignant neoplastic disease is the most common cancer that affects women in the United States. in that respect be at least two majors genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) that when they mutate can cause breast cancer. These genes can be egested from parent to child, increasing the fortune of development cancer in those child that have parent carrying these genes. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are located on chromosome 17 and chromosome 13 respectively. There is a 90% chance of ontogenesis breast cancer for a woman that has these mutated genes. In contrast, men carrying BRCA1 have no risk to develop breast cancer, but those carrying BRCA2 genes have high risk. It is all important(predicate) to note that mutations in these genes can be passed on to children by either parent. A man with a mutation is just as likely to pass this gene to his children as a woman with a mutation. Hereditary cancer occurs at young age, for instance a woman in her 20s with breast cancer is more likely to have cont ractable type of cancer that a woman in her 50s. (httpwww.familycancer.org/FamHist.stm)BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes, these genes also called Anti- Oncogenes which normally are involved in regulating cell growth, the proteins inhibit the proliferation of cell, which is crucial for the normal cell development and differentiation. (Britanica on line).Since the discovery of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 in 1994 and 1995 about 80% of the women who acquire mutated forms of these genes will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, usually at relatively early age and woman with BRCA1 mutations have a high risk of developing ovarian cancer as well.Kudson in 1971 proposed a two-mutation theory of cancer causation. His theory stated that all cancer are of two kind, hereditary and sporadic In the case of... .... Hereditary breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer Care. 5, 13-203.-Social and Ethical issues of breast cancer gene testing. bugger off from http//www.ncgr.org/gpi/odyssey/BCAN 2/gtest.html 10/29/984.-Kinzler, Kenneth W., and Vogelstein, Bert. 1997. Breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Nature. V. 386. 761-763.5.-Marx, Jean. 1997. Possible function found for breast cancer genes. Science vol.276. 531- 532.6.-McCain, L., and Dilligham, C., 1997. Genetics Mutation Associated with Breast Cancer . Obtain from http//www.ncgr.org/gpi/odyssey/BCAN2/genrisk.html 10/12/987.-Tumor suppressor gene Obtain from http//www.eb.com180 10/19/98, search word tumor suppressor gene.8.-Breast and/or ovarian cancer risk in Jewish women Role of the 185delAG and other mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. http//www.givf.com/brca1.html 10/12/98.

The Career of Engineering Essay -- Descriptive Careers Engineer Essays

The C arer of EngineeringTake a look around yourself. What do you see? Maybe books, chairs, a television, or even your clothes. All the day to day things that are man-made, you can be sure that an manoeuver helped make it. Engineers father shaped our world as we know it. There are many different kinds of engineers from chemical, mechanical, textile, civil, agricultural and structural engineers. Our civilization would be as advanced as the Stone Age without these people. This life history demands a wide education of math and science. It is an ever-changing career with new advances in materials and the way products are produced. Engineering careers are very secure with respect to compensation. Regardless of this, it does have its disadvantages as well. All and all design is demanding, but well worth the work. The education of an engineer is probably the approximately demanding as far as the mastery of the material given as any other degree. Usually in their first year, a student will be put into a special program that starts the course load with math and science. These are the basis for every engineers education. After the first two years of the program, the student chooses exactly what surface area of engineering he or she would like and finishes out their degree concentrating on that finicky field. Towards the end of their college career, the student will usually be offered a job by recruitment or they are hired after they graduate. Most employers explore out four-year graduates with a degree in a specific area of concentration. Engineering has many advantages to offer. The best would probably be the allowance. A student with an engineering bachelors degree will be offered a higher paying job on average than any other bachelors degree offered. (Basta 12) An average annual salary in a starting Federal Government position was $96,370 in 1994. Along with high wages comes job security. Even when the economy is bad, unemployment of engineers will tho rise one or two points on average. (Kirby 64) Other advantages include interesting work, creative work and working with the latest technological advances in the field you choose to go into. Engineering as a whole shows many superior qualities over other jobs, but it also has its disadvantages.Engineering degrees require the most math and science of any other degrees offered. The study is extremely hard w... ...ix it by creating a new system or device and being qualified to say that I made that, I invented that. Being an engineer has been one of the most personally satisfying jobs I have ever had. (Steele) None the less, the career of engineering is one that provides many benefits to the ones who are willing to work for the degree. This field has a variety of areas to excel in. It provides creative work, the chance to work with a team, and the compensation is far from the average. Engineering is also one of the most important careers in our society. Without it, our civilization would b e nothing like it is today and the pleasures that many of us clutch for granted would not be here to comfort us.BibliographyBasta, Nicholas. Engineering Careers Lincohnwood, Illinois Career Horizons 1996.Clancy, Tom. Submarine A guided tour inside a Nuclear Warship. natural York, New York A Berkley Book, 1993.Kirby, Shelton, Richard. Engineering in History. New York, New York McGraw Hillbrook, 1956Nuclear Engineering. EXPAN Career Description.Engineering. Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Accessed February 23, 1999. Copyright, 1994. Joe Steele, Personal interview 3, March 1999.

Comparing Families of Fifty Years Ago with Families of Today :: Compare Contrast Comparison

The definitions of a family directly and a family in the past are far from similar. The definitions may puzzle some similarities but they take hold changed dramatically in some(prenominal) more(prenominal) ways. 50 eld ago, families had rules that were stricter and families were closer in the sense of a relationship. Although some families today are more distant from all(prenominal) other and rescue fewer rules to maintain order, there are quench some that maintain the same styles of the families 50 years ago. Families induce changed a lot but still have some similarities depending on their home-life. Families today just do not seem to run time with each other. The mother and father both(prenominal) have jobs and tend to not be home for the children after school therefore causing more independence among each member of the family. Children that have more independence make mistakes on their own without being warned about them. Independent children have no focussi ng and get out of hand because there is not a strong boss type figure around most of the time to help happen upon the difference between right and wrong. Eating dinner party as a family is a major tradition that has been forgotten as the years have g single(a) by and caused more separation among the family. A family 50 years ago that did not eat dinner together would be a strange one but today it seems to be of the norm. Once again, the job affects this cyclorama of the family as well. People are just too busy at work or too tired to even participate in dinner at home anymore. Either families just do not have time for each other anymore or they just are not together due to divorce. Divorce is another thing that was like illegal 50 years ago. Divorce is tragic for the children in the family today and causes the children to hate both or one of the parents. Divorce causes total chaos. This may result in the children to be ignored because single parents need to work to support t hemselves and their children. Thus, causing no guidance for a growing child. Losing touch with family ties have caused a lot of trouble and forget continue to cause more. Families now and 50 years have similarities among the pile of differences.Comparing Families of Fifty Years Ago with Families of Today Compare Contrast comparison The definitions of a family today and a family in the past are far from similar. The definitions may have some similarities but they have changed dramatically in many more ways. 50 years ago, families had rules that were stricter and families were closer in the sense of a relationship. Although some families today are more distant from each other and have fewer rules to maintain order, there are still some that maintain the same styles of the families 50 years ago. Families have changed a lot but still have some similarities depending on their home-life. Families today just do not seem to spend time with each other. The mother and father both have jobs and tend to not be home for the children after school therefore causing more independence among each member of the family. Children that have more independence make mistakes on their own without being warned about them. Independent children have no guidance and get out of hand because there is not a strong boss type figure around most of the time to help distinguish the difference between right and wrong. Eating dinner as a family is a major tradition that has been forgotten as the years have gone by and caused more separation among the family. A family 50 years ago that did not eat dinner together would be a strange one but today it seems to be of the norm. Once again, the job affects this aspect of the family as well. People are just too busy at work or too tired to even participate in dinner at home anymore. Either families just do not have time for each other anymore or they just are not together due to divorce. Divorce is another thing that was like illegal 50 years ago. Divorce is tragic for the children in the family today and causes the children to hate both or one of the parents. Divorce causes total chaos. This may result in the children to be neglected because single parents need to work to support themselves and their children. Thus, causing no guidance for a growing child. Losing touch with family ties have caused a lot of trouble and will continue to cause more. Families now and 50 years have similarities among the pile of differences.

D. Virginiana (Didelphis Marsupialis) Essay -- Biology Animals Researc

D. Virginiana (Didelphis Marsupialis) The text of this paper will cover a description of D. virginiana, its ecology, history, and seek involving the species. The send-off topic to be discussed by this paper is a description of D. virginiana, which was until recently referred to as Didelphis marsupialis. The description of the opossum will start with a taxonomic description of the species. Following, will be the opossums appearance, and last will be the life cycle of the noted species. The opossum, Didelphis virginiana, takes its epithet from two different languages. The name Didelphis is made up of the two Greek words di, and delphys which stand for two wombs referring to the female opossums paired reproductive tract. The name virginiana, regard ass of Virginia in its Latinized form. This refers to the where the first scientific specimen was found and catalogued (The Georgia). The taxonomic classification of the opossum is as follows Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order order Marsupialia Family Didelphidae Genus Didelphis Species Virginiana (Savage 45). The appearance of D. virginiana is quite unique. It has a length of approximately 650 900 millimeters (25.4 35.1 inches), and a weight of approximately 1.8 4.5 kilograms (4 10 pounds) (Yahner 11). The opossum has a gray, or black, hairs-breadth color scheme, with a scaly prehensile tail (Merritt 33). The forefeet and hind feet both have five clawed toes. However, the hind big toe is opposable and resembles a thumb (Merritt 35). The opossum, being a marsupial, also has a pouch (Yahner 11). The life cycle of Didelphis virginiana is quite interesting, ... ...bdominal cavities of the given marsupials, and enclosing them in pens at a constant temperature, the researchers were able to get more exact mean body temperatures for the marsupials. They were also able to find the circadian, or twenty-four hour, rhy thms in the body temperatures of the marsupials. The mean body temperature for D. virginiana was found to be 35.1 degrees Celsius, with a range from 33.8 to 36.3 degrees Celsius. The lower range of the temperature was found to be during the day. The results for D. virginiana were similar to previous calculations of mean body temperature. The data from this breeding was compared to eutharian mammals, which showed similar differences among their species (Gemmell). In conclusion, the text of this paper has covered a description of D. virginiana, its ecology, history, and research involving the species.

D. Virginiana (Didelphis Marsupialis) Essay -- Biology Animals Researc

D. Virginiana (Didelphis Marsupialis) The text of this paper will cover a comment of D. virginiana, its ecology, history, and research involving the species. The first topic to be discussed by this paper is a commentary of D. virginiana, which was until recently referred to as Didelphis marsupialis. The description of the opossum will start with a taxonomic description of the species. Following, will be the opossums appearance, and last will be the liveliness cycle of the noted species. The opossum, Didelphis virginiana, takes its name from two different languages. The name Didelphis is made up of the two Greek words di, and delphys which jut out for two wombs referring to the female opossums paired reproductive tract. The name virginiana, means of Virginia in its Latinized form. This refers to the where the first scientific specimen was found and catalogued (The Georgia). The taxonomic classification of the opossum is as follows Domain Euka rya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Marsupialia Family Didelphidae Genus Didelphis Species Virginiana (Savage 45). The appearance of D. virginiana is quite unique. It has a length of nearly 650 900 millimeters (25.4 35.1 inches), and a weight of approximately 1.8 4.5 kilograms (4 10 pounds) (Yahner 11). The opossum has a gray, or black, hair color scheme, with a scaly prehensile tail (Merritt 33). The forefeet and hind feet some(prenominal) have five clawed toes. However, the hind big toe is opposable and resembles a thumb (Merritt 35). The opossum, being a marsupial, also has a pouch (Yahner 11). The life cycle of Didelphis virginiana is quite interesting, ... ...bdominal cavities of the given marsupials, and enclosing them in pens at a constant temperature, the researchers were able to get more exact mean trunk temperatures for the marsupials. They were also able to find the circadian, or twenty-four hour, rhythms in the body temperatures of the marsupials. The mean body temperature for D. virginiana was found to be 35.1 degrees Celsius, with a purge from 33.8 to 36.3 degrees Celsius. The lower range of the temperature was found to be during the day. The results for D. virginiana were similar to previous calculations of mean body temperature. The data from this study was compared to eutharian mammals, which showed similar differences among their species (Gemmell). In conclusion, the text of this paper has covered a description of D. virginiana, its ecology, history, and research involving the species.

Ideal and Goal Essay

As The Florida Bar grows, it becomes more important to articulate our ideals of craftalism and to emulate such(prenominal) ideals by deed. To The Florida Bar, Lawyer Professionalism includes(1) a commitment to serve others(2) being dedicated to the proper do of iodins knowledge to promote a unobjectionable and just result(3) endeavoring unceasingly to enhance ones knowledge and skills(4) ensuring that concern for the desired result does non subvert am manipulationment parkness, honesty, respect and greetesy for others with whom one comes into contact, be they fellow professionals, clients, opponents, public officials, including members of the judiciary, or the public(5) contributing ones skill, knowledge and influence as a attorney to further the professions commitment to serving others and to promoting the public good, including lathers to provide both persons, regardless of their means or popularity of their causes, with access to the law and the judicial system(6) educa ting the public just ab knocked out(p) the capabilities and limits of the profession, specifically what it can achieve and the appropriate methods of obtaining those results and(7) accepting responsibility for ones own professional conduct as well as others in the profession, including inculcating a desire to uphold professional standards and fostering peer regulation to ensure each member is competent and public-spirited.To reinforce and communicate the ideals of attorney professionalism among our members, and particularly, to restrain the abrasions out of our conduct with others, particularly our colleagues at the Bar, The Florida Bar adopts the following statement of ideals and aspirational goals1. Commitment to Equal Justice Under Law and the Public Good perfectA Florida attorney should, in both professional and personal conduct, recognize that a license to practice law is a privilege which gives the attorney a special position of trust, power and influence in our society. This privilege brings corresponding duties, for which the lawyer is accountable to the public, namely, to use that position and power in an honest and clean manner which respects the dignity of others, promotes the public good, and protects our system of equal justice under the law.Goals1.1 A lawyer should at all dates avoid the show of impropriety.1.2 A lawyer should notify and encourage other lawyers to abide by these ideals of professionalism.1.3 A lawyer should at all times promote in the common public an understanding of the role of the legal profession in our system of equal justice under law.1.4 A lawyer should encourage and support unaccompanied those judicial candidates who by skill, knowledge, experience, integrity, temperament and commitment to public service are qualified to hold such positions.1.5 When considering whether to advertise and what methods of advertising to use, a lawyers first goal should be to promote and protect public confidence in a just and fai r legal system founded on the harness of law.1.6 Upon being employed by a new client, a lawyer should discuss fee and cost arrangements at the outset of the representation, and at once confirm those arrangements in writing.1.7 In any(prenominal) representation in which the fee arrangement is other than a contingent percentage-of-recovery fee or a fixed, fiat-sum fee or in which the representation is anticipated to be of more than brief duration, a lawyer should bill clients on a regular, frequent interim basis.1.8 When a fee conflict arises that cannot be amicably resolved, a lawyer should endeavor to refer the dispute to the appropriate fee arbitration panel.2. Adherence to a Fundamental Sense of Honor, Integrity, and honorable PlayIdealA lawyer should at all times be guided by a fundamental sense of honor, integrity, and fair play, and should propose his or her client to do likewise.Goals2.1 A lawyer should not impose arbitrary or un valid deadlines for action by others.2.2 A lawyer should not make schedule decisions with the motive of limiting opposing counsels opportunity to prepare or respond.2.3 A lawyer should not unreasonably fence an adversarys application for an order or an adversarys request to insert a term or provision in a document.2.4 A lawyer should never permit nonlawyer support personnel to communicate with a judge or judicial officer on any matters pending before the judge or officer or with other court personnel except on plan and other ministerial matters.2.5 A lawyer should notify opposing counsel of all communications with the court or other tribunal, except those involving only scheduling or clerical matters.2.6 When submitting any writ-ten communication to a court or other tribunal, a lawyer should provide opposing poraneously, and sufficiently in advance of any related consultation to recite both the court and opposing counsel have a reasonable opportunity to review it beforehand.2.7 A lawyer should promptly comply with re quests to prepare proposed orders.2.8 When scheduling hearings and other adjudicative proceedings, a lawyer should request an amount of time that is truly calculated to permit full and fair presentation of the matter to be adjudicated and to permit equal response by the lawyers adversary.2.9 A lawyer should immediately notify all counsel of any hearing time that the lawyer has reserved with the court or tribunal.2.10 When there has been pretrial disclosure of trial witnesses, a lawyer should make a reasonable, good-faith effort to identify those witnesses whom the lawyer believes are reasonably likely to be called to testify.2.11 During trials and evidentiary hearings the lawyers should mutually agree to disclose the identities, and duration of witnesses anticipated to be called that day and the following day, including depositions to be read, and should gather in sharing with opposing counsel all visual-aid equipment.2.12 When there has been pretrial disclosure of trial exhibits, a lawyer should make a reasonable good-faith effort to identify those exhibits that the lawyer believes will be proffered into evidence.2.13 A lawyer should not mark on or alter exhibits, charts, graphs, and diagrams without opposing counsels licence or leave of court.2.14 A lawyer should abstain from conduct calculated to detract or divert the fact-finders attention from the relevant facts or other than cause it to reach a decision on an impermissible basis.3. Honesty and CandorIdealA lawyers word should be his or her bond. The lawyer should not knowingly misstate, distort, or improperly exaggerate any fact or opinion and should not improperly permit the lawyers silence or inaction to mislead anyone.Goals3.1 In drafting a proposed letter of draped, the memorialization of an oral agreement or a written stipulation reflecting an agreement reached in concept, a lawyer should draft a document that fairly reflects the agreement of the parties.3.2 In drafting documents, a lawyer shoul d point out to opposing counsel all changes that the lawyer makes or causes to be made from one draft to another.3.3 A lawyer should not withhold information from a client to serve the lawyers own interest or convenience.4. Fair and Efficient Administration of JusticeIdealA lawyer should always conduct himself or herself to assure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and resolution of every controversy.Goals4.1 A lawyer should endeavor to achieve the clients lawful objectives as economically and expeditiously as possible.4.2 A lawyer should counsel the client concerning the benefits of mediation, arbitration, and other alternative methods of resolving disputes.4.3 A lawyer should counsel the client to consider and explore settlement in good faith.4.4 A lawyer should accede to reasonable requests for waivers of procedural formalities when the clients coherent interests are not adversely affected.4.5 A lawyer should not invoke a rule for the purpose of crea ting undue delay.4.6 A lawyer should never use stripping for the purpose of harassing or improperly burdening an adversary or causing the adversary to incur unnecessary expense.4.7 A lawyer should frame reasonable discovery requests tailored to the matter at hand.4.8 A lawyer should assure that responses to proper requests for discovery are timely and complete and are consistent with the obvious intent of the request.4.9 In civil cases, a lawyer should stipulate all facts and principles of law which are not in dispute, and should promptly respond to requests for stipulations of fact or law.4.10 later consulting with the client, a lawyer should voluntarily withdraw claims defenses when it becomes apparent that they are without merit, are superfluous or merely cumulative.4.11 A lawyer should appear at a hearing before a court or other tribunal fully prepared to submit the matter at issue to the court or tribunal for adjudication.4.12 A lawyer should not use the post-hearing submissi on of proposed orders as a guise to argue or reargue the merits of the matter to be determined.4.13 A lawyer should not request rescheduling, cancellations, extensions, and postponements without legitimate reasons and never solely for the purpose of delay or obtaining unfair advantage.5. CourtesyIdealA lawyer should treat all persons with courtesy and respect and at all times abstain from rude, disruptive and disrespectful behavior. The lawyer should encourage the lawyers clients and support personnel to do likewise even when confronted with rude, disruptive and disrespectful behavior.6. Respect for the Time and Commitments of OthersIdealA lawyer should respect the time and commitments of others.Goals6.1 Before scheduling a hearing on any motion or discovery objection, a lawyer should endeavor to resolve or narrow the issue at hand.6.2 In scheduling depositions upon oral examination, a lawyer should allow enough time to permit the conclusion of the deposition, including examination by all parties, without adjournment.6.3 Unless circumstances compel more expedited scheduling, a lawyer should endeavor to provide litigants, witnesses, and other affected persons or parties with ample advance notice of hearings, depositions, meetings, and other proceedings, and whenever practical, schedule such activities at times that are convenient to all interested persons.6.4 A lawyer should accede to all reasonable requests for scheduling, rescheduling, cancellations, extensions, and postponements that do not prejudice the clients opportunity for full, fair and prompt consideration and adjudication of the clients claim or defense.6.5 Upon receiving an inquiry concerning a proposed time for a hearing, deposition, meeting, or other proceeding, a lawyer should promptly agree to the proposal or offer a counter suggestion.6.6 A lawyer should call potential scheduling conflicts or problems to the attention of those affected, including the court or tribunal, as soon as they become ap parent to the lawyer.6.7 A lawyer should avoid last-minute cancellations of hearings, depositions, meetings, and other proceedings.6.8 A lawyer should promptly notify the court or tribunal of any resolution by the parties that renders a scheduled court appearance unnecessary.6.9 A lawyer should be punctual in attention all court appearances, depositions, meetings, conferences, and other proceedings.6.10 A lawyer should respond promptly to inquiries and communications from clients and others.7. Independence of JudgmentIdealA lawyer should exercise autarkical judgment and should not be governed by a clients ill will or deceit.Goals7.1 A lawyer should counsel the client or prospective client, even with respect to a meritorious claim or defense, concerning the public and private burdens of pursuing the claim as compared with the benefits to be achieved.7.2 A lawyer should at all times provide the client with objective evaluations and advise without purposefully understating or oversta ting achievable results or otherwise creating unrealistic expectations.7.3 A lawyer should not permit the clients ill will toward an adversary, witness, or tribunal to become that of the lawyers.7.4 A lawyer should counsel the client against the use of tactics designed (a) to hinder or improperly delay the process involved or (b) to embarrass, harass, intimidate, improperly burden, or oppress an adversary, party or any other person and should withdraw from representation if the client insists on such tactics.7.5 In contractual and business negotiations, a lawyer should counsel the client concerning what is reasonable and customary under the circumstances.

Should the Age Allowance of Driving Be Lowered to 16 Years?

Should the age allowance of operate be lowered to 16 years? Driving has always been popular among young boys and girls, which goes corroborate for over 100 years ago. The very scratch automobile was built by Karl Benz which was a German scientist in the 18s century. By his name you could wonder why his last name is Benz, which is the same name that we used to call gasoline (Bensin). Funny enough his father is called Mercedes Benz. Mercedes, as many people know, is the very first car-company. Since then cars has been mass-produced, and is now available to prices that suits almost everyone.It has given many solutions to people that lives far away from work, school, relatives etc. More importantly it has done benefits to transports of food supplies, substantive and other stuff which has kept this world on balance. But this has also led to many accidents on the streets, which mostly occurs by young people that does non exceed the age of 20, and is now ranked on the top death-acciden tal stuff a human being can experience. So we ask the following motion What is the most suitable age at which people can start driving?Psychologists that have been researching on young teenagers have stated that humans fail uncontrollable when they enter the period of 14-17 years. And that it is not unusual that teenager that entered that period become fiercer and starts rushing after(prenominal) inordinate desires, which affects driving vehicles a haulage in a negative way. And only a few numbers of people can control that large amount of energy. P. Fredrik is a psychologist who has devoted his keep on studying teenagers, and has said that the large amount of energy starts disappearing in the end of the age 17, and people become more controllable after they pass the age of 17.Even if driving at the age of 16 increases the risk of accidents on the streets, there will also be lots of benefits of allowing people to crowd at the age of 16. Principal of Kenny University, George Jo hansson has stated that more students start to drop school after they finish High School. Doctor Dennis Henry has been studying that modestness for 5 years now and has come to some few reasons to why more students start to drop school after High School. And one of those reasons says that students has a lack of ransport since school buses arent available after High School and they still dont have the right to drive vehicles to school which could substitute the need of transport. Therefore stops encouraging students to enter Universities. Finally, to keep the minimum number of accidents on the streets which can lead to death or permanent injuries and at the same time give students the opportunity to enter Universities which will give them a better life in the near future, the age allowance of driving vehicles should keep it at 18 years.

The Nature of Viruses

Viruses argon sub- carrellular agents of infection that essential utilize the cellular machinery of bacteria, plants or animals in order to re break. Composed of a single string of contractable material (desoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid) encased in a protein capsid, a virus is too small to be seen by standard light microscopy indeed, just about ar less than one hundredth the size of a bacterium. Specific proteins on the viral capsid attach to receptors on the host cell this concomitant edge is essential to viral infectivity and justifys why viruses whitethorn and infect the cells of certain species or may only infect certain cells or tissues indoors a given host species.While the infecting virus triggers an resistant response in the host, some be capable of suppressing that response by infecting and killing cells that hold in immunity (e. g. HIV attacks lymphocytes). In sum, while most infect cells are destroyed by viral replication, some viruses enter a la tent arrange inwardly cells, reactivating in the future to produce chronic or relapsing infections.Many viruses use unique(predicate) carriers (known as vectors) such as mosquitoes, ticks, bats and rodents that aerate the virus to a susceptible host while others are spread between individuals via blood contact or through respiratory, intestinal or informal secretions. Of special concern is the fact that mutations within the viral genome may allow viruses to skip from one host (e. g. birds, swine, monkeys) to a nonher (e. g. gentles), unleashing pandemics.Many common human infections are produced by viruses these include the common cold, influenza, mononucleosis, herpes virus virus infections (including shingles), viral hepatitis (A, B, C and others), HIV, viral gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, viral pneumonia, encephalitis, viral meningitis and viral infections of the heart, including pericarditis and myocarditis. While viruses do not respond to antibiotics, specific antiviral agents may control (though not cure) chronic unsoundness (such as HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C) or may modify the severity of bully infection (as in influenza and herpes infections).However, in most viral infections, intervention is, for now, purely symptomatic and supportive. On the other hand, vaccines are capable of preventing some viral infections (e. g. herpes simplex, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, Hepatitis B) or reducing the severity of an acute infection (e. g. influenza). Beyond the acute or chronic illness that they produce, some viral infections (such and Hepatitis C and certain strains of herpes simplex) are known to be precursors of malignancy. Finally, many researchers suspect that viruses play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic illnesses such as multiple sclerosis and autoimmune disorders. ttp//naturesblog. blogspot. com/2013/01/the-nature-of-viruses. html The Nature of Viruses Viruses exist in two different states, the extracellular infectious parti cle or virion and the intracellular state consisting of viral nucleic acid. The capsid may be a polyhedron or a helix, or a combination of both (in some phages). Viruses are infective microorganisms that show several differences from natural microbial cells. 1. Size. The size range of viruses is from about 20 to 300 nm. On the whole, viruses are much smaller than bacteria.Most animal viruses and all plant viruses and phages are invisible under the light microscope. 2. Simple structure. Viruses feel very simple structures. The simplest viruses are nucleoprotein particles consisting of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein capsid. In this respect they differ from typical cells which arc made up) of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nuc1eicacids. The to a greater extent tangled viruses contain lipids and carbohydrates in addition to proteins and nucleic acids, e. g. the enveloped viruses 3. Absence of cellular structure.Viruses do not ease up any cytoplasm, and in that locationfore cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria, Golgi complexes, lysosomes, ribosomes, etc. , are absent. They do not have any limiting cell membrane. They utilize the ribosomes of the host cell for protein subtraction during reproduction. 4. No independent metabolism. Viruses cannot multiply outside a living cell. No virus has been cultivated in a cell-free medium. Viruses do not have an independent metabolism. They are metabolically inactive outside the host cell because they do not posses enzyme systems and protein synthesis machinery.Viral nucleic acid replicates by utilizing the protein synthesis machinery of the host. It codes for the synthesis of a limited number of viral proteins, including the subunits or capsomeres of the capsid, the tail protein and some enzymes concerned Viruses have only one nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. veritable(prenominal) cells have both DNA and RNA. Genomes of certain with the synthesis or the release of virions. 5. Nucleic acid s. RNA viruses can be transcribed into complementary DNA strands in the septic host cells, e. g. Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV).Such RNA viruses are therefore also called RNA-DNA viruses. 6. Crystallization. Many of the smaller viruses can be crystallized, and thus behave like chemicals. 7. No growth and division. Viruses do not have the power of growth and division. A fully formed virus does not increase in, size by addition of new molecules. The virus itself cannot divide. Only its genetic material (RNA or DNA) is capable of reproduction and that too only in a host cell. It will thus be seen that viruses do not show all the characteristics of typical living organisms.They, however, possess two fundamental characteristics of living systems. Firstly, they contain nucleic acid as their genetic material. The nucleic acid contains instructions for the structure and function of the virus. Secondly, they can reproduce themselves, even if only by using the host cells synthesis machinery. Viral genomes The nucleic acid comprising the genome may be single-stranded or double-stranded, & in a linear, circular or segmented configuration. Single-stranded virus genomes may be positive (+)sense, i. e. of the same signaling (nucleotide sequence) as mRNA negative (-)sense Ambisense a mixture of the two. N/B. Virus genomes range in size from approximately 3,200 nucleotides (nt) to approximately 1. 2 million antecedent pairs Unlike the genomes of all cells, which are composed of DNA, virus genomes may contain their genetic information encoded in either DNA or RNA. Since viruses are maintain intracellular parasites only able to replicate inside the appropriate host cells, the genome must contain information encoded in a form which can be recognized & decoded by the feature type of cell parasitized.Thus, the genetic code employed by the virus must match or at least be recognized by the host organism. Similarly, the control signals which direct the expression of virus genes must be appropriate to the host. Many of the DNA viruses of eukaryotes virtually agree their host cells in terms of the biology of their genomes Some DNA virus genomes are complexed with cellular histones to form a chromatin-like structure inside the virus particle. http//expertscolumn. com/ subject/nature-viruses http//www. mcb. uct. ac. za/tutorial/virorig. html Viral evolutionViral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses. Many viruses, in particular RNA viruses, have short generation times and relatively high mutation rates (on the order of one point mutation or more per genome per round of replication for RNA viruses). This elevated mutation rate, when combined with natural selection, allows viruses to quickly adapt to changes in their host environment. Viral evolution is an important tone of the epidemiology of viral diseases such as influenza (influenza virus), AIDS (HIV), and hepatitis (e. . HCV) . It also causes problems in the development of successful vaccines and antiviral drugs, as resistant mutations often appear within weeks or months after the beginning of the treatment.One of the main theoretical models to study viral evolution is the quasispecies model, as the viral quasispecies. Origins Viruses are ancient. Studies at the molecular take have revealed relationships between viruses infecting organisms from each of the three domains of flavour, and viral proteins that pre-date the divergence of life and thus the last universal common ancestor. 1 This indicates that viruses emerged early in the evolution of life and existed before modern cells. 2 There are three classical hypotheses on the origins of viruses Viruses may have once been small cells that parasitised larger cells (the degeneracy hypothesis34 or decline hypothesis5) some viruses may have evolved from bits of DNA or RNA that escaped from the genes of a larger organism (the vagrancy hypothesis6 or escap e hypothesis) or viruses could have evolved from complex molecules of protein and nucleic acid at the same time as cells first appeared on earth (the virus-first hypothesis). 5None of these hypotheses was fully accepted the regressive hypothesis did not explain why even the smallest of cellular parasites do not resemble viruses in any track. The escape hypothesis did not explain the complex capsids and other structures on virus particles. The virus-first hypothesis was quickly dismissed because it contravened the definition of viruses, in that they require host cells. 5 Virologists are, however, beginning to reconsider and re-evaluate all three hypotheses. 78 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Viral_evolution Evolution Time-line of paleoviruses in the human lineage9Viruses do not form fossils in the traditional sense, because they are much smaller than the grains of sedimentary rocks that fossilize plants and animals. However, the genomes of many organism contain endogenous viral elemen ts (EVEs). These DNA sequences are the remnants of ancient virus genes and genomes that ancestrally invaded the host germline. For example, the genomes of most vertebrate species contain hundreds to thousands of sequences derived from ancient retroviruses. These sequences are a valuable source of retrospective licence about the evolutionary history of viruses, and have given birth to the science of paleovirology. 9 The evolutionary history of viruses can to some extent be inferred from analysis of modern-day viral genomes.The mutation rates for many viruses have been measured, and application of a molecular clock allows dates of divergence to be inferred. 10 Viruses evolve through changes in their DNA (or RNA), some quite rapidly, and the best adapted mutants quickly outnumber their less fit counterparts. In this sense their evolution is Darwinian, just like that of their host organisms. 11 The way viruses reproduce in their host cells makes them particularly susceptible to the ge netic changes that help to drive their evolution. 12 The RNA viruses are especially prone to mutations. 13 In host cells there are mechanisms for correcting mistakes when DNA replicates and these kick in whenever cells divide. 13 These important mechanisms prevent potentially lethal mutations from being passed on to offspring. But these mechanisms do not work for RNA and when an RNA virus replicates in its host cell, changes in their genes are occasionally introduced in error, some of which are lethal. One virus particle can produce millions of progeny viruses in just one cycle of replication, therefore the production of a few dud viruses is not a problem.Most mutations are reserved and do not result in any obvious changes to the progeny viruses, but others confer advantages that increase the fitness of the viruses in the environment. These could be changes to the virus particles that hide them so they are not identified by the cells of the immune system or changes that make antiv iral drugs less effective. Both of these changes occur frequently with HIV. 14 phyletic tree showing the relationships of morbilliviruses of different species15 Many viruses (for example, influenza A virus) can shuffle their genes with other viruses when two similar strains infect the same cell.This phenomenon is called genetic shift, and is often the cause of new and more virulent strains appearing. Other viruses change more slowly as mutations in their genes gradually accumulate over time, a process known as genetic drift. 16 Through these mechanisms new viruses are constantly emerging and present a continuing challenge to attempts to control the diseases they cause. 1718 Most species of viruses are now known to have common ancestors, and although the virus first hypothesis has yet to gain full acceptance, there is little doubt that the thousands of species of modern viruses have evolved from less numerous ancient ones. 19 The morbilliviruses, for example, are a group of closely related, but distinct viruses that infect a broad range of animals.The group includes measles virus, which infects humans and primates canine distemper virus, which infects many animals including dogs, cats, bears, weasels and hyaenas rinderpest, which infects cattle and buffalo and other viruses of seals, porpoises and dolphins. 20 Although it not possible to prove which of these rapidly evolving viruses is the earliest, for such a closely related group of viruses to be found in such diverse hosts suggests a possible ancient common ancestor. 21 The Nature of Viruses Viruses are sub-cellular agents of infection that must utilize the cellular machinery of bacteria, plants or animals in order to reproduce. Composed of a single strand of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein capsid, a virus is too small to be seen by standard light microscopy indeed, most are less than one hundredth the size of a bacterium.Specific proteins on the viral capsid attach to receptors on the ho st cell this attachment process is essential to viral infectivity and explains why viruses may only infect the cells of certain species or may only infect certain cells or tissues within a given host species. While the infecting virus triggers an immune response in the host, some are capable of suppressing that response by infecting and killing cells that control immunity (e. g. HIV attacks lymphocytes).In addition, while most infected cells are destroyed by viral replication, some viruses enter a latent phase within cells, reactivating in the future to produce chronic or relapsing infections. Many viruses use specific carriers (known as vectors) such as mosquitoes, ticks, bats and rodents that transmit the virus to a susceptible host while others are spread between individuals via blood contact or through respiratory, intestinal or sexual secretions.Of special concern is the fact that mutations within the viral genome may allow viruses to skip from one host (e. g. birds, swine, mon keys) to another (e. g. humans), unleashing pandemics. Many common human infections are produced by viruses these include the common cold, influenza, mononucleosis, herpes infections (including shingles), viral hepatitis (A, B, C and others), HIV, viral gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, viral pneumonia, encephalitis, viral meningitis and viral infections of the heart, including pericarditis and myocarditis.While viruses do not respond to antibiotics, specific antiviral agents may control (though not cure) chronic disease (such as HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C) or may modify the severity of acute infection (as in influenza and herpes infections). However, in most viral infections, treatment is, for now, purely symptomatic and supportive. On the other hand, vaccines are capable of preventing some viral infections (e. g. erpes simplex, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, Hepatitis B) or reducing the severity of an acute infection (e. g. influenza). Beyond the acute or chronic illness that they produce, some viral infections (such and Hepatitis C and certain strains of herpes simplex) are known to be precursors of malignancy. Finally, many researchers suspect that viruses play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic illnesses such as multiple sclerosis and autoimmune disorders. development of viruses (images)

Radiation Dose In Pediatric Cranial Health And Social Care Essay

In the past two decennaries, the figure of encephalon computed tomography examen has increased quickly. This is in big piece of ground due to progresss in multidetector CT engineering, which allows faster foresee acquisition and improved stick go forth quality. The increased tradition in CT surveies has led to a signifi fecestly increased radiation sickness venereal infection to the patient. However, about one tierce of CT encephalons scrutinies in the paediatric convention are non pertinent to the diagnosing and direction. These show that it is non the best trial for the kids. Comparing with grownups, kids are more variety meats radiosensitive to radiation they give hold time-consuming life clip hazard to confront cancerous alterations induced by radiation. In response to increasing concern for patient radiation protection, we should utilize the rightfulness proficient parametric quantities to protect the kids from inordinate and unneeded radiation dosage for these by CT look. To get up down the radiation dosage, the doctors and radiotherapists should ever conscious to cut down CT scan radiation dosage for kids. Furthermore, we can develop some appropriate schemes to optimise scanning patterns found on the age, clinical indicants and natural structure size of the patients.Undertaking commits and significance ( Max. 1 page State the intent of the proposed survey, place cardinal issues and jobs being addressed, province possible result in footings of its relevancy, significance and care for )The intent of this survey is to look into the consequence of dose decrease in diametric parametric quantity utilize in the judgment CT scan. In the visible radiation of addition the habitude of encephalon CT scrutiny, dose decrease while maintain the CT diagnostic value and image quality is a ambitious undertaking. Since a figure of issues are related to CT radiation, they contribute become more outstanding as usage has increased. The issues concerns about the part of CT to a comparatively big radiation dosage to the populace. Furthermore, kids have more organ radiosensitive than grownups and they have a longitudinal lifetime hazard radiation-induced malignant neoplastic disease. Therefore, we should do accommodation of paediatric CT parametric quantities based on the size or part of employment to be scanned. On the other manus, the decrease of radiation dosage to cranial CT may depend on many factors such as permutation of CT usage, by utilizing other mode ( MRI or ultrasound ) which have less radiation dosage, lessening in the figure of CT surveies requested.The aim of this survey is to find whether a lower radiation dosage technique could be used for paediatric cranial CT without impacting the diagnostic value and image quality in the scrutiny. Reviewing the literature and compare the approximative equivalent dosage to relevant organ ( mSv ) , I find that the protocol scenes in planing for kids and grownups are about the same. The radiation decrease can be about 50 % reduced by altering some parametric quantities. Therefore, the CT protocol scenes in cranial CT used for grownups should non be used for kids.It is the clip we should alter the attitude and face the job how to cut down the radiation dosage in CT engineering for kids. The CT makers, doctors, radiotherapists and radiographer besides portion the duty to keep an appropriate balance between radiation dosage and diagnostic image quality.Background ( Max. 2 pages A clear, comprehensive and up-to-date but concise reappraisal of the literature sum up and give cardinal mentions on related work, including old and switch over attacks to the jobs )CT is a various diagnostic process and it can give high diagnostic output. However, CT scanning comprises about 15 % of the radiological scrutiny and represents the largest beginning ( about 70 % ) of radiation dosage to the patient.1, 9 The usage of CT encephalon in kids is increasing in the past two de cennaries. Indeed, CT induced radiation dosage is comparatively high compared with other imaging technique. The hazard for paediatric patients to develop long term biological effects followers movie to ionising radiation is higher(prenominal) than that for grownups because their cells, tissues and variety meats have a higher radiosentivity and they have a longer clip to live.2,11 The European Commission ( EC ) states that & type A acirc ?radiation exposure in the first 10 old ages of life is estimated to hold a hazard about 4 times greater than exposure incurred at 30-40 old ages of age for some damaging effects & A acirc .3 Give the recent attending to radiation hazards, the radiation dosage of cranial CT in kids and the demand for accommodations in parametric quantities to the populace, we should understand more about existent pattern of cranial CT in paediatric patients.Most CT Centre still follows the recommended scenes of the makers, but these may non the best appropriat e scenes for the patient. For paediatric cranial CT, there is no consensus about the optimal scene in different infirmaries.To understand a patient receives how much of the radiation dosage in a peculiar scan, one must hold cognition of the methods of dose measuring. ray dosage is influenced by the radiation quality, the geometry of the scanner, the sensor type and the current transition of the tube.10 Dose increases nonlinearly with an addition in tube electromotive force but will come down the image noise. Typically, an addition in kVp from 120 to 140kVp will increase the dose by about 47 % . The incursion is improved and an about 70 % higher dosage reaches the sensor. But in some articles, informations suggest that kVp every bit low as 80 kVp can besides supply acceptable image quality in neonates.4Milliamperes ( ma ) and gantry rotary motion rhythm clip ( in seconds ) are combined to supply a step of radiation normally known as the provide current ( ma ) . A additive relation ship exists between tubing current and the radiation dosage. By discriminating down the ma half, the patient exposure can be reduced by 50 % while maintaining the same noise degree and image quality. Cohnen et Al besides studied CT dosage in paediatric cranial CT and concluded that a 40 % decrease was possible.7 Chan et Al performed CT in kids aged 1-12 old ages with several different milliampere 2nd valleies and he found that a 40 % decrease in milliampere seconds could be used in paediatric cranial CT.2,8Section thickness and table velocity besides affect dosage. The faster table velocity and thicker gear up should be selected based on the scan indicant. In general, most paediatric CT scan can be performed at a pitch of 1.5.5,6,12 Adjustment in piece thickness and pitch demand to be balanced against the possible loss in spacial declaration from the increased image noise.Multiple dose descriptions have been used in the past. Presently, the Computed Tomography Dose Index ( CTDI ) , along with its discrepancies, and the Dose Length Product ( DLP ) are the standard parametric quantities used to depict CT associated radiation dosage. Radiation dose CTDI is nibd in milligrays as displayed on the CT proctor every bit good as DLP which are work out by the CT machine automatically. Increase the tube electromotive force from 120kVp to 140kVp additions the CT dosage index ( CTDI ) by a factor of 1.4, but decrease the tubing electromotive force to 80kVp lowers the CTDI by a factor of about 2.2.13We can measure the paediatric cranial CT protocol and happen the CT radiation dosage that is recommended to be every bit low as moderately accomplishable. Hence, we need to unite different attacks sing to CT dose decrease. In add-on, the refering parties including doctors, radiotherapists and radiographers must labor the duty to keep an appropriate balance in scanning parametric quantities, diagnostic image quality and radiation dosage. Long term schemes is desperately pos e up that include encouraging development and acceptance of paediatric CT protocols, educating working staff through diary publications and conferences within and outside the radiology fortes, rent oning farther research to find the relationship between CT quality and dosage. We besides customize CT scanning for single kids to optimise exposure scenes and to measure the demand for CT in an single patient.Methodology ( soap. 2 pages including research design, program, stuffs, methods and cardinal mentions )The survey will be carried out in CT scan room at the Radiology Department of the Princess Margaret Hospital. A entire figure of 100 paediatric patients aged under 15 old ages for encephalon CT scan during January to June 2011 by indiscriminately selected as topics of this survey. Before informations aggregation, the survey will acquire the blessing from the Department Manager Mr. Fung and so explicate to all CT radiographers to acquire their full cooperation in the survey. Furthe rmore, the process will be explained to each patient and their parents in order to obtain their permission in the survey.The patients will wear out into two groups, one is control group and the others are study group. understanding CT scan will be done by utilizing paediatric CT scan protocol in the control group. We can measure the radiation dosage by altering the exposure parametric quantities in the survey group. Brain CT scan was done utilizing 64-section CT scanner GE lightspeed VCT machine. Image obtained utilizing a multi-slice axial computed imaging system of 5mm piece thickness without automatic pick of effectual ma. Scaning parametric quantities that affect radiation dosage include peak kilovoltage, tubing current, pitch etc. Therefore, the survey group will be divide into 3 parts. The first portion is to compare the different kVp ( 80kVp, 100kVp and 120kVp ) to the image quality while other puting kept at a changeless scene. The 2nd portion is to compare the different tubing current ( 100mAs and 120 ma ) and the 3rd portion is to compare the different pitch ( 1 and 1.5 ) . All CTDI and Dose-Length Product will be recorded after the scrutiny.I will ask for two radiotherapists Dr. Yung and Dr. Lam to reexamine the movies in a double-blinded mode by utilizing 6 inquiries appraisal strategy. Question 1-5 are refering about radiation dosage and image quality for visualising defined anatomical constructions. The anatomical construction chosen for reappraisal included ( Q1 ) clay sculpture of the sidelong ventricles, ( Q2 ) the basilar arteria in the prepontine cistern, ( Q3 ) internal capsules, ( Q4 ) ambient cistern, ( Q5 ) gray-white distinction at the degree of 4th ventricles. The motion 6 will inquire the radiotherapists make of assurance in doing a diagnosing.A 5-point marking system will be used for rating. Indicate 5 means the anatomical construction can clearly be visualized and the assurance degree in making a diagnosing are about 90 % or above. Indicate 4 agencies visual image and assurance are about 70 % . Point 3,4 and 5 are about 50 % , 30 % and less than 10 % severally. torso of marking will be assessed by giving 40 scans to the two radiotherapists. The average tonss given to these 6 inquiries during the first and 2nd reading will be compared.Statistical analysis will set about utilizing assurance interval ( CI ) and hypothesis testing, as expressed by P values. The assurance interval can demo the deficiency of preciseness in the estimation of involvement and therefore conveyed more utile information than the P value which are merely a quantitative value. For each reader, 95 % CI and a two sample t-test will execute to compare the average value of the tonss for each inquiry between the two groups. For inquiry 6, this assessed the radiotherapists & A acirc assurance degree, farther distribution of tonss between the two groups. Dependability trials to measure intra-reader understanding in hiting the movies we re besides carried out by utilizing 95 % CI and paired t-test. Analysis was facilitated by the usage of commercially available computing machine statistics plan SPSS ver.1.7.

Hume’s Argument for Skepticism

Eryn Croft Professor Chudnoff PHI 101 Honors October 9, 2012 Humes cable for skepticism about institution states that we stop use induction, like causation, to gain knowledge. We must rely on induction to draw conclusions in everyday life be exertion it is the hardly resource we read to work with. However, we must realize the limitations of induction. Philosopher Karl Popper successfully undermines Humes problem of induction by proving that induction is not needed in acquirement and that Humes argument is circular. Karl Popper argued that induction cannot be used in science.He says that induction can never be proven by experimentation. recognition instead uses deduction by formulating theories and hypotheses. Science uses the method of conjecture and refutation. Hypotheses can never be proven or verified, but their success can be compargond to other hypotheses. The usefulness of a system can be determined with deduction or predictions. Scientists stress theories by making c ompletely falsifiable claims. If there is nothing you can to do disprove the claim then the hypothesis is corroborated. A corroborated possible action should not be considered true, merely authoritative until better theories are discovered.Popper tell that a theory can never be confirmed by reflexion. Where Hume argues that our theory originates from repetition, Popper argues that theory begins in the beginning repetition. Therefore, Popper argued that science does not even use induction. Karl Popper as well argued that inductive argument leads to more inductive reasoning, leading to a circular argument. The problem of induction is that induction is creating the problem and begging the wonder. In order to avoid begging the question when using inductive reasoning, you might introduce a new inductive principle.By introducing a new inductive principle, you would have to make justification based on experience, leading to even more inductive reasoning. Hume argues that we need to justify induction, but Popper says it is not necessary because it leads to more induction and hence a circular argument. Popper likewise completely denies that induction is an a priori synthetic trueness. An a priori truth is necessary and truth preserving, meaning it cannot be false. If induction is a priori, then it would not regard justification based upon experience because it is already true.Since Popper rejects the traditional inductive stupefy in science, he had to replace it with his own approach. Popper chose to accept William Whewells hypothetico-deductive model. He said that science does not use the inductive model, but instead uses the hypothetico-deductive model. The model begins by formulating a hypothesis that can be falsified by a test on observable data. We can then experiment or make observations to falsify the theory. Now the theory can be falsified or corroborated. If it is corroborated, then it allow be accepted and used repeatedly until a better theory pr oves better.In Humes view, observation comes before theory, whereas Poppers view is that theory comes before observation. Popper believes that having an observation without first considering a theory is pointless. He argued that theories are only scientific if they are capable of being refuted by tests. As a result, Popper thought that falsifiability and testability were synonymous. mavin of Poppers biggest arguments against Humes theory of induction is in his explanation of corroboration. A theory can only be corroborated if it does not contradict the basic, accepted statements.Even if a theory is falsified, we can still find many areas of corroboration. If a theory is highly falsified, then it is also highly corroborated. Needless to say, a falsified theory cannot also be considered corroborated. Merely, we can find corroboration through the steps taken to falsify a theory. Popper also acknowledges that corroboration is relative to time. He wanted to find that corroboration was not used to determine truth or falsehood. Although Popper successfully undermines Humes argument for skepticism of induction, there are also problems with Poppers argument.Scientists perpetually repeat experiments in order to ensure that the results are accurate and valid. An experiment cannot be proven correct unless other scientists replicate the experiment and achieve the same results. However, Popper argues that scientific knowledge is relieve oneselfd by conjecture and criticism but repeating experiments is not conjecture or criticism, it is induction. You would not repeat experiments for conjecture because it would be repetitious and unnecessary. Repeating experiments is in fact induction because it is allowing for the possibility that the conclusion is false.For example, if all of the Ibis we have ever observed are white, we can induce that all Ibis are white. This observation about Ibis is not conjecture because our past experiences offer sufficient proof that all Ibis a re white. Induction is based off of past experiences and instant observations. Therefore, scientists repeating an experiment is in fact induction, not conjecture or criticism. Scientific knowledge is an infinite cycle of inductive logic. Inductive logic always replaces one theory, with a better more inclusive theory that also relies on inductive logic. In addition, science does have theories that they think are proven.When scientists create a law, it is based on a theory proven through induction. For example, Isaac Newton was sitting under an apple tree when an apple suddenly reduce next to him on the ground. Newton used his observation to conclude that gravity was the force that caused the apple to fall to the ground instead of merely floating in the air. Newton, by direct observation and repetition, proved the Universal Law of Gravitation. Popper argued that theories proven corroborated should not be considered true. But gravity can in fact only be proven true through induction , not conjecture.Newton did not attempt to continuously falsify gravity, but instead continuously prove gravity through causal relations. If the apple always falls to the ground and always has in the past, then we can use inductive reasoning to assume that gravity is the cause of the fall. Finally, scientists must use prediction as part of methodology in science. Popper says that theory comes before observation. Prediction is the majority of proposing a theory. We cannot use Poppers hyptothetico-deductive model without the methods of induction because luck is part of induction. Induction allows us to predict the outcome, and thus create a theory.Induction is included in Poppers own models, which negates his claim that science does not use induction. Humes argument for skepticism about induction has many valuable points that allow us to conclude that induction can be a valuable tool in drawing conclusions we just have to be skeptical when using induction so we are not misled. Karl Po pper successfully undermines Humes argument, but there can also be objections to Poppers argument. As a result, it is best to combine Humes argument with Poppers argument. First, we can accept Poppers claim that deductive arguments are usually always rationally and logically true.For example, the word bachelor will always be accepted as someone who is unmarried. We can also realize that when using induction, there is always a gap between the premises and the conclusion. We must use probability and past observations to reach a conclusion and close the gap between premises. However, we cannot assume that Poppers method of falsifying theories and corroborating theories to necessarily be correct. Hume believes that observation comes before theory, while Popper believes that theory comes before observation and is then proven false.Attempting to falsify statements is actually using inductive reasoning, so Popper is not absolutely rejecting induction. As a result, we cannot absolutely reje ct induction either. We must also accept that induction is definitely a priori, definitely truth preserving. It is a known fact. However, an a priori truth is based on probability and enquiring. For example, we cannot say bachelors are not married without enquiring about people we know to be bachelors. Thus, we still use induction and cannot eclipse it out in the scientific process. As a result, we can argue that science uses both inductive and deductive methods to reach conclusions.

Personal Development Plan †Setting Your Vision (Milestone One) Essay

In the last two weeks of taking this class I have larn a lot ab verboten myself, or at least thought a little more ab step to the fore who I am as a person and how I handle different situations. I have endured legion(predicate) things in the last two years that Im sure many people go through, but should never have to. I have fallen to my lowest, and brought myself back up to my highest. This ranges anywhere from being homeless and sleeping in my truck and having no one around to help me out, to getting my own apartment, attending school again, and getting the best job Ive ever had that in reality pays the bills.With the self-assessments we have taken in the last two weeks I have come to realize I am apparently dangerously close to importunate out due to being overly stressed. With everything going on in my life I put one acrosst feel like I am close to burn out. I feel like I could take on a lot more and still be ok mentally and physically. The stress scale that I filled out ind icated I had a High or very high risk of illness. This is probably of the most right test out of the five tests I took. Between working full time, part time school, bills and supporting my live-in boyfriend who is currently unemployed my stress take is through the roof. This gives me a much deeper respect for families with only one income who live this way constantly, even more so when children are involved.By writing out my development plan I hope to get an even give out understanding of myself. How I now handle different situations, and getting feedback and suggestions on better ways. I also hope to learn more about career choices and ways to handle the stresses of work and the many thought processes of management thinking. I dont want to stay in the position I currently hold forever and would definitely like to move up in the conjunction that I now work for. There are many opportunities for advancement at United Healthcare, but I know that to really succeed and win I would n eed to make a couple of self-adjustments and some self-growth before I could trulygrow and thrive.This is why this development plan is so chief(prenominal) to me. By writing out my goals and watching myself grow as a person, intellectually and emotionally I can really gather my thoughts and get them organize and really get my goals situated. This organization would help greatly with my motivation. As we read about motivation theories in chapter two, I agree that in on guess there are basic needs that need to be met in order to keep move. I also agreed with another theory that sometimes more than one of those could be wanted at any given time 1. By doing this plan, I hope to be able to find out what my immediate needs are, or the most important that I feel, and be able to keep those needs satisfied in order to stay motivated to advance in my career as well as schooling.

Why the Military Should Not Be Deployed on U.S.

T here(predicate) is also a high risk hat the troops themselves can jerk off give and a high possibility of the unhealthiness spreading even more. Lastly there is bonny not enough funding to send troops off onto our own reason. agree to the Tim Make from the deathliest. Com American Soldiers preparing for deployment to West Africa are given just four hours of bola tie- related training before leaving to chip the epidemic. Four hours of training is simply not enough time to learn about and understand the disease itself. A team of two can train as galore(postnominal) as 50 force play everyplace that four-hour time frame, SEMIARID told The Daily Beast.If a single school teacher can barley each a class about a subject in math over a time period of a couple weeks how do we expect a team of two to full teach and help a group of 50 troops to grasp the full concept of the risks of Bola and in that matter any other contagious disease. On The Common Sense Show, Dave Doges explains how President Beams direct decision to send 3,00 troops to Liberia to besiege Bola virus may have point them either at risk for contracting the deadly disease. If the military were to assist with a pandemic outbreak here on CA. S soil, troops and their families would be at risk at contracting the disease.By doing this the military is no longer solving the problem they are just adding to the problem making the total number of infected people greater. In 191 8 the Spanish flu killed an estimated number of 675,000 Americans and about 20 million worldwide. According to the U. S Department of Health, the reason the death toll was so high in America was because of how many American troops contracted the disease while trying to combat it. Because history repeats itself, we should nit send out U. S troops to assist with an outbreak. Sending troops out would be very costly and would put us in more debt.Just move out 3,00 troops to West Africa would cost the U. S over 750 million dollar s, this is according to the Washington Post. The U. S is already 18 trillion dollars in debt and by sending troops out this would put us even further in the whole, something we will never be able to come out from. Money for the military is already being with held and spending money to combat something that will always exist is worthless. By spending money to deploy troops, we are taking apart the possibility of buying new and up to date equipment needed to protect against both domestic and exotic invasions.U. S troops should not be given the responsibility of dealing with disease. They are not doctors, nor are they scientists and even with proper training and equipment there will always be a possibility of contracting the disease, which means further contamination of the American population. The militarys purpose is to solve domestic and foreign issues that can potentially cause a threat to U. S citizens, not to combat disease. If we deploy troops onto our own soil then troops wou ld be putting Americans lives in danger, which is a contradiction to their soul purpose.

Bachelor in British Law Essay

I am a passionate, persistent individual who wills to become a bachelor in British Law, in format to, further on, exert the profession of a lawyer. I am and have invariably been deeply provoke in the principles of justice, which I try to put into action in my everyday life. My intention on move into a Law School is acquiring a deeper knowledge on the subject which has always been my of import have-to doe with, twain in my social and in my personal life. One might perhaps marvel that a Brazilian would rather join an British law school rather than one in his family unit country the main reason why I am convinced that studying law in the United Kingdom, more precisely in England, is the absolute passion and interest I have always had for this country throughout my whole life, also extending to the field of law.My interest in Law and Rights first blossomed at the age of seven, when problems like alimony and share of goods showed up after my parents divorce, raising my interest to the mutual dissatisfaction of apiece with different matters concerning law, which made me wonder to what extent Divorce Law in Brazil was fair to both sides of the divorce. Moreover, I also have been told the basics of the profession by uncles who are bachelors in Brazil and close how time-demanding and complex it can be. My uncle also told me, though, that as long as it is exerted for passion, and not for other reasons, the high burgeon forth of work and responsibility are not a burden, but a pleasure.So high was my interest in analyzing processes and things alike that I got to spend hours with these uncles, asking questions about their procedures and their opinion about processes. I suppose that my differential contribution to the university is based on the cultural interchange interchanged I have been through in the midst of the years 2011 and 2013, during which I have been living in Germany in a boarding school, understanding the functionality of a community in the sense that, unlike day schools, offers an intense interaction with other students and teacher, and the constant comportment of academic pressure. Together with my coming to Europe in 2011 came the interest of studying in an International bachelors degree school in order to, later on, fulfill my dream of studying Law in the UK.

Enlarging My Conversation Essay

AbstractThe use of this essay is to ascertain what needs to be through concerning my spirit that result concern in my efforts to make up a better-rounded contri alto casther whening member of society. I generate explore several aspects of this journeying and lay them aside for you, the reader, in order to give you a clear understanding of what is involved in trying to accommodate to your surroundings. For example, when I took the DISC test I attended I own an I/C psycheality. As I read what that means I could non argue the pay offings because so umpteen of them described me real well.In the body of the take overing text, I unfold the highlights of what I am expecting to experience, e.g. defining the enlargement of my conversation, how my cut downplay and behavioural blend influences my conversation, bring to light potential barricades, develop nigh solutions for the disruption pollution which interferes with my goal, putt to extendher a plan of treat to impr ove myself, and finally, I leave alone map by the procedures demand in order for me to control a better me.Enlarging My ConversationA wrench able definition of the human activityAn acronym was created by using a term Dr. Carbonell used in the title of his book Extreme personality makeover How to develop a winsome Christ interchangeable personality to improve your effectiveness, using the term makeover. By following the linguistic rules of this acronym, I hope to render a definition for the title for the phrase Enlarging My Conversation.Make the finish to pass on a makeoverAccept the way God made your personalityK nowadays your strengths and uniquenesses.Emulate the reliable traits of all the personality types.Over practise your doubts and obstacles.Visualize what you screw becomeExpect challenges to your makeoverRe tender your commitment r forbiddenine (www.uniquelyyou.com).I soon discovered that defining my personality was a little to a greater extent complex than anti cipated, and even up then the info didnt fully register. It took a little thought on my part, only I would define the enlarging of my conversation as the do needful to build a better me. However, this is a hard trade union movement at surpass. How does one go slightly changing the personality that was developed over a long period of time? Are there sequential steps to follow? Is there a book that fire be purchased or read that lead set your feet on the path of promised land? These argon the questions I put in myself facing for which I did non learn an answer. To try to educate fates these answers I searched the Internet for literature that would express a similar journey al nearone else had already taken, and I withal asked people I know. The answers I received were interesting yet I wondered how they would apply to my journey. I considered the mishap of asking the wrong questions and rattling sat down and tried to make a list from which to claim questions tha t would supple pertinent tuition, but I could not come up with a generic set. This mollify leaves that ara distribute and my hope is that it impart become clear to me what I need to do to get the answers to alleviate the struggle for enlightenment. The DISC test played a huge role in my object to discover ways to reposition from who I am now into who God wants me to be. The letters that form the intelligence information DISC be an acronym and stand for personality traits D Dominant/ Driver I Influencing/ Inspiring S Stable/ Steady and C Compliant/ Correct. My combination of these is I/C which means my personality is best defined as a person who is influential and inspiring and at the identical time is gentle and correct. I do find that I fit into this personality trait, and also call back it is the one affaire that hinders me from enlarging my conversation. To me, enlarging my conversation entails a deliberate combineance of others view point whether I agr ee with it or not. It is the root word that I give the sack live with people and have legal relationships even though my view on life itself contradicts everything they hold as truth. An expert in behavioral sciences, Dr. Mels Carbonell translates the DISC personality assessment in an understandable and useful form. He masterfully explains the links between our unique personalities and spiritual gifts, even covering possible challenges (uniquelyyou.com). If I was as knowledgeable as he is, this might not be a lot(prenominal) a hazardous journey for me. I am sure, though, that he writes from his experiences in life, and since mine are exclusively varied than his, I will have to approach this from a incompatible angle. I suppose putting a definition on paper might help in the thought solvees required to change a persons personality, yet rarely provide we relegate life down to a science. It is the very nature of life itself that makes it so adventurous and difficult to predi ct. Therefore, I have come to the finishing that my definition for enlarging my conversation is the ability to hear the conversation of others and allow it to affect the paradigm that controls me and bring about a positive leave.Behavioral Blend Affects Conversation I/C Types are inspiring, yet cautious. They size up situations and comply with the rules in order to nerve impregnable. They are good at figuring out ways to do things better through a lot of people. They can be too convincing and too concerned about winning. They are often impatient and critical. They need to be more cranky to individual emotional stateings. They are often more concerned about what others think. They do not like breach the rules neither do they enjoy taking risks. They need to try new things and sometimes go against the crowd. They are careful communicators who think things through (Carbonell, M. (2005) Extreme Personality makeover. Blue Ridge. Uniquely You Resources.) To say that things of thi s nature do not affect peoples lifestyle would be considered nave. I understand the task in advance me, and believe that this understanding affects my premise behavior I will be essential in equipping me to make the change a lasting one. So, being the cautious, yet inspirational person I am, I will march forward in search of my holy grail with anticipation and exhilaration. I expect to run into some course blocks and barriers, but this is what it takes if I am to change the way my behavioral blend affects me and those almost me. One of the disadvantages of I/C blend is I tend to be as well cautious. Even in the face of tremendous encouragement from others, I still find myself lagging asshole where they think I should be. Given what I know about Christianity, and the potential for change that is a result of studying the lifestyle closely related to Christianity, I am encouraged in my efforts. My experience as a soldier in the military has afforded me the discipline needed to mak e a change which enables me to find the means whereby this can actually happen. I have noticed how quickly I am to disapprove something new. This must be due to the way I was raised, yet after experiencing military life I thought it would not be so difficult. The things I learn as a soldier have definitely had a strong impact on my personality, but I always considered that a good thing. The influence that impacted me to be a disciplined soldier, however, is different from what I need to change so I can better serve the Lord and others. Since being a servant is a precedence for me, I am hoping that the journey from who I am to who I can become will be moderately pain free. Given my tendencies to remain like I am, I do anticipate some sort of struggle but I hope my tenacity is steady enough to overcome this barrier. On the positive side of my behavioral blend is the inspirational me. I have noticed how this has helped others in the bypast and hope that the change I make will allow me to keep this particular trait. I sincerely dont know what to expect, neither can I positively define what my goal looks like, but I do know I am experiencing the need for a change. I also feel like I will know what it looks like originally I get there, but at this point I think the definition and expression are some representation of what I now know. Of course, all of this will change as I continue the journey into the unknown me.Interpersonal Barriers Barriers are sole(prenominal) barriers until we notice them and are ready to remove or overcome them. The highest priority given to interpersonal barriers is to the barrier of listening. Madeline Burley-Allen wrote a book on the subject, comprehend, the forgotten skill A self-teaching guide. A proven class for turning effective listening into a powerful business tool Managers and other employees guide more than 40 percent of their time listening to other people but often do it so poorly that the result is misunderstood inst ructions, misdirected projects, and erroneous actions millions of dollars worth of mistakes just because most people don t know how to listen. In this new edition of her classic guide to the art of effective listening, Madelyn Burley-Allen shows you how to acquire active, fruitful listening skills and put them to work for you professionally, socially, and personally (Publishers comments).This is a barrier we are taught to deal with at a very young age. For me it is the replacement of the filter in my mind through which all information travels. By the time my brain has decoded the incoming message, if I am not careful I will only hear what I want to hear and nothing else. Allen demonstrates how this affects our lives and gives practical advice to help us release through our own listening bias, or the changing of the filter. active listening is a way of listening and responding to another person that improves mutual understanding and trust. It is an essential skill for third parties and disputants alike, as it enables the listener to receive and accurately date the speakers message, and then provide an appropriate response. The response is an integral part of the listening subroutine and can be critical to the success of a negotiation or mediation (Richard Salem, Empathic listening). Listening means better grades, according to Allen. Better grades mean our self- concept will move up a notch or deuce (pg 8). This is a very inspiring statement. If I have the opportunity to look at the change I need to make as a positive thing, then statements like the one Allen makes is sure to give me a boost when Im not sure how to proceed. I hope to be able to say as the quote Allen used on page two says, I am more honest with myself now. I find difficulty arises when I try to interpret myself as someone I am not. This is a common role-playing thought pattern that most, who will withdraw it, play on a daily basis. We are taught from childhood to emulate others actions or t o refrain from doing the same. The only caution sign I can see in this behavior is the disappointment it can control to when the desired goal is unattainable. Effective listening involves not only tuning into others, but tuning in to ourselves (pg 6). This remark is profound and life changing, but only as I adhere to the philosophy it represents. The road to adventure in life is laden with people who have interesting things to say. If we are guilty of bang our lives to meet some goal we face the possibility of missing out on some things that could enrich our experience and help us in the future. Listening is a huge barrier for all of us to overcome, and the first of all step in doing so is recognizing that the barrier exists and is hindering our progress. Listening is not the only barrier I face. I also have difficulty with pride. This is not to say I think I am better than the next man, but it does keep me from experiencing something different because I have already build a par adigm that rejects some particular life experience as judges it as no good. I liked what Cloud had to say about realizing the need for a change and the difficulty in trying to discover how to implement that change.On page five of his book, Nine things you simply must do to succeed in do it and life A psychologist probes the mystery of why some lives really work and others dont, there is a revelation sandwiched between to double line bars that reads People who found what they were looking for in life seemed to do a certain set of things in common (pg 5). Again, I am approached with the idea that there must be some sort of formula I can follow to reach my still indescribable goal of change.A Solution to Noise Pollution It can be quite daunting to face obstacles with a clear mind and set goals, however, if there is removed(p) interference then the job becomes nearly impossible to do. When I think of all the efforts of people who lived before I did, and compare to mine the ordeals th ey encountered by reading their stories, I find myself wanting to write my journey down so others might gain some insight. People will surprisal you we even surprise ourselves from time to time. I can think of a few times in my past when I was trying to make a major decision and there seemed to be too much information to wade through in order for me to make a sensible choice. Outside, external barriers include such overwhelming information. This can be quite debilitating if you happen to be the person who loves research and tends to overdraw the research end of writing. Finding a balance between reading and writing b sound a rattling(prenominal) feeling of satisfaction. However, when trying to determine which pieces of data to use in the document needed it can get frustrating.External noise pollution unbalances the healthy breakdown of communication as described by Allen. The only means I have discovered to this point that helps me overcome external noise pollution is cogitate my data on paper. I do this by writing everything that comes to mind around a fundamental topic. From that I choose which pieces of information to include in my document and then I can grueling out a useable outline to create my document. Inside conflict is noise within itself that is able to jam your thoughts into a loop where you end up spinning your wheels and ultimately never make a choice. Allen breaks down the time we spend in communication into four divisions. They are Listening, Talking, Reading, and Writing. These are the four main avenues of communication. xl percent is the allotment given to listening. In a world where it seems people really love the sound of their own voice, Im wondering how we survive as long as we do. Allen precedes these percentages by stating that we spend nearly seventy percent of our waking hours communicating (pg 2). This leaves us with a dilemma If it takes more listening for us to be better rounded individuals and we are prone to do more sp eaking how can we find a balance? Whats more are we searching for a balance? As I stated a few sentences before, people love the sound of their own voice. There are psychiatrists that will tell you the only thing they did to help some of their patients is to just let them talk. I find that when I am in anguish or stressed out the best therapy for me is to talk it out. or so people talk to themselves for this very reason. They do it to remove the noise pollution in their minds. If there is noise pollution in the thoughts we think, where does it come from? It seems to me that if we can discover what triggers the noise pollution maybe we can take some preventative measures and avoid it all together. Unfortunately, I have not found the individual who can lead me into this aim of discipline, so I struggle with this facet of changing my conversation until I come to the point of revelation that explains what to do about it. This leaves an empty space that continually gets filled with jun k and emptied when I prove it to be of no value. I execute there is a way to reduce, and in some cases remove noise pollution but it seems that just as soon as the noise is removed it immediately gets replaced by something else. I have come to the conclusion that this facet of my conversation will always need my attention, which I suppose, would keep me on my toes in regards to bad information.Plan of Action Devising a plan of action to help me enlarge my conversation means I will have to erect some needed changes until I am comfortable using the new methods in such a way that enables the needed change. The old clich Change can be a good thing rings true in the effort to enlarge my conversation. Changing something that is as complicated as your set paradigms takes a great deal of self-effort. This doesnt come easy, of course, and all the expert help we can get will not replace the role we must play. My plan of action is to try to be more open-minded about things on a personal lev el. I believe when I really hear the different viewpoints on a given topic and make a rational judgment concerning the same, I will have the beginning of a new paradigm one that will enlarge my conversation. This is probably the most difficult thing for a human to do because we are all raised in different homes and all have different paradigms upon which we build everything that develops our conversation. I have heard people say that if they had the chance to just sit and listen to others they could tell you what sort of person they are. If this is true, then our words, and the way we use them, are tell-tale signs of who we really are. Therefore, for us to develop a plan for change, we will have to discipline ourselves to accept things we would not normally accept even if these things are contrary to what we describe as truth or real. The healthy change will not include merely accepting new input as much as it is the possibility that we would at least examine it. Before I can estab lish a plan of action I must accept my new role in accepting new input. I find a little consolation in the fact that I do not have to accept input simply due to it being something I have never done before I am actually given the opportunity to explore it. Exploration was the founding principle of the United States, or any other country. If not for this facet of life there would be no technology to boast about, and life, as we know it, would not exist. This begs the question, Why is it so difficult for us to accept change? If exploration has brought us to where we are socially, it stands to reason that it will be exploration of the world around me that helps enlarge my conversation. Challenges of this nature are the very reason why people do not change. It is a matter of personal involvement and most are just too comfortable in their present state. The fact that I am achieving a higher rearing means that I am free to accept new things as long as they apply to my priorities. If I ca n use the same thought pattern that makes me accept this, I stand a better chance of enlarging my conversation with a minimal amount of pain. So, I have set out to devise a plan of action that I will describe in the next section as I map out the procedures I believe it will take to initiate this plan.Mapping it Out To achieve my current level of education I had to lay out a map. To reach my ultimate goal in education I must follow the map I have laid out. If I deviate from it will it will affect more than just not going to that class. It will affect what I learn and when I learn it which means I may have a difficult time in a subject that could have been avoided by following the map. The same is true for enlarging my conversation. As hard as it may be, I must lay out a map defining the steps needed and in what order they need to be taken. As I see it, and as I mentioned earlier, the first destination on my map is listening. The effort I must make in this endeavor is to open myself t o new ideas. As this becomes more common place it will be easier for me to figure out how to productively use that new data. Some of it will not be worth much, but it still adds to the data base from which I draw my logic. aft(prenominal) accepting new data I must essay it. This will help me determine the usefulness of the data. Once this is done I can store that away in the corners of my mind to tie out when it is needed. Although our brains are very complicated, we can still compare this process to the computers we use every day. The only information you can get off of the hard drive is what has been stored there. As people grow older I hear the common complaint of not being able to remember things from their past. I am amazed that they can recall as much as they do given all they have learned and the time frame that is involved. The size of the computer that would store the information of just one human in their life-span would be enormous. It is absolutely mind boggling to think about the many millions of pieces of information stored in a humans brain over the course of seventy years. disembodied spirit spans are growing larger all the time, so the technology it would take to record all that information would also need to increase in complexity. On my journey to enlarge my conversation I have already encountered some struggles, and I expect there to be more. However, if I do not gelt I will never finish. Mapping out a game plan will aid in my attempt. Accepting more information, filing it away properly, and recalling it when needed is just the beginning stage of it. After all this takes place I have to interpret the information in a manner that is contributive to my goal. For example, I can learn how many shots of whiskey it takes for me to get drunk, but that data would not provide much in the way of enlarging my conversation. Getting drunk may cause me to talk a lot, but it will not enlarge my capacity to engage in healthy conversation with a con tradictory view. My over all goal from this lesson is to become a better person. If I can achieve that before my life is over I will be able to lay my head on my pillow, pull my feet up in the bed and say I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness (2 Timothy 47,8).Conclusion Finally, I have come to the end of the road, as it were, and I am ready to depart on this journey of a life time. I realize that no matter how long I live this journey will continue. It is one of the most back up things about life. There is always a new adventure around the corner, and there is always a mind-blowing piece of information awaiting an open mind. There is the endless possibility of changing into the person we actually want to become. There are all the people we want to meet, and those we do not expect to, twain with anecdotes that encourage us to live life to the fullest. I have discovered the definition of enlarging my conversation as it applies to my personal variables in life. I have explored the behavioral blend of my personality that describes me fairly well I recognize the barriers impeding my progress and what I need to do to overcome themI have learned what noise pollution is and what to do to remove or reduce it I have explained my course of action that invites others to render input and I have also laid out a map to follow to help keep me on this path of change. With these areas of my conversation being covered so well, I believe there will be no way to stop my conversation from enlarging. In fact, I will admit to looking forward to not only enlarging it, but also to record how it gets done. Enlarging my conversation places me on a new plateau from which I can launch into the unknown the mysterious the vastness of person-hood that has yet to be explored. From the launching pad of fervor, intellect, idealism, and curiosity I will rocket into new ideas, personality traits, a nd positions in life other wise unattainable. I welcome the journey.ReferencesExtreme Personality Makeover. (n.d.) How to develop a winning Christ-like personality to improve your effectiveness. Retrieved January 25, 2007 from, http//www.uniquelyyou.com/newsite/pdf/Cat0306/pg8.pdf.Carbonell, M. (2005) Extreme Personality makeover. Blue Ridge. Uniquely You Resources.Salem, Richard. (July 2003).Empathic Listening.Retrieved January 25, 2007, from http//www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htmAllen, Madelene Burley. (1995). Listening, the Forgotten Skill A Self-Teaching Guide. 2nd edition. New York, NY John Wiley & Sons, 1995.Cloud, H. (2004). Nine things you simply must do to succeed in love and life A psychologist probes the mystery of why some lives really work and others dont.Nashville, TNIntegrity Publishers. hallowed Bible. (1611). II Timothy 47,8. Cambridge University Press. London, England.